Human Rights Conditions in Egypt A report submitted to the Universal Periodic Review of the Egyptian File Egypt 1/1/2025

Introduction

The human rights situation in Egypt has witnessed many important events, which began with the end of the review of the Egyptian file in 2019 and its accreditation in 2020, and many decisions and procedures were issued by the Egyptian government that keep pace with the recommendations that Egypt had during the previous universal periodic review mechanism. The most important indicators that Egypt has begun to prepare in implementation of its obligations before the UPR mechanism and in a way that serve human rights issues in Egypt are represented in the following:

• Launching the National Strategy for Human Rights (2021-2026) on September 11^th 2021, and was based on a vision and goal to advance and upgrade all human rights in Egypt, which was reflected in reaching effective results that achieve the vision and goals for which the national strategy was launched, the government must exert more efforts to achieve the goals of the strategy realistically in order to achieve effective results that can be followed and evaluated.
• The National Dialogue, which was launched on May 3^rd 2023 as a platform that enables all civil bodies in Egypt to discuss issues affecting the rights of citizens and discuss ways to address them. A large number of political, party, academic and civil society figures participated in it. The National Dialogue discussions addressed several basic axes, including issues affecting the political, economic, and societal aspects. However, there were many issues that were not included as it should be in the discussions. In the context of the issues that were discussed as it should be in the dialogue, especially in regard to the societal and economic axes, but the results of the dialogue regarding it did not achieve what was hoped for and the recommendations were not translated. Most of the issues issued regarding most of them have turned into a reality that serves the goals of dialogue regarding them, except for a small number of those issues that have met with societal acceptance and immediate action towards them. Therefore, we call on the Egyptian state to give more space for serious discussion on issues of human rights and freedoms, to announce the outcomes and recommendations, and to set a time plan for their implementation. How to monitor and evaluate it.
• The Presidential Pardon Committee which was formed as one of the recommendations of the first National Youth Conference, which was held in 2016. Its mission was to review the files and cases of provisional political prisoners who were not involved in any actions of violence, so that they would be released by a presidential decision from the President in accordance with “Article 155” of the Egyptian Constitution, and tens of prisoners were released.

The committee witnessed support for its role again during the Egyptian Family Iftar Ceremony in June 2022, when the President announced the start of the “National Dialogue” to which all Egyptian national forces were invited, and the reactivation of the Presidential Pardon Committee, and on May 4^th 2022 the formation of the committee with new membership, as the committee announced that it receives requests for presidential pardons through the National Youth Conference website, or through mailings to the Human Rights Committees in the House of Representatives or the Senate. Requests can be sent to the Complaints Committee of the National Council for Human Rights and members of the Presidential Pardon Committee, and that has expanded its scope of work to include the release of male and female debtors, in addition to the issue of releasing young men imprisoned in cases of opinion and demonstration from political parties and forces. As for the committee’s mechanism of work in examining the release request, it adhered to two criteria: that no case belongs to any terrorist organization and that it is not involved in any acts of violence and bloodshed, as the committee will not be the reason for the release of anyone who poses a threat or harms the lives of Egyptians, so it scrutinizes the application of legal standards before releasing the detainees.

On the other hand, there are civil society organizations that work to advance all aspects of the human rights file in Egypt, and on their way to doing so, they are working on two parts: the first is monitoring human rights problems at the level of the general situation and drawing the government’s attention in case of any human rights violations by one of its agencies, and the second is to help the Egyptian government establish serious mechanisms to reform the file of human rights and public freedoms and provide the necessary recommendations in this regard so that citizens can feel them and raise the positive indicator in regard to respecting the dignity of the Egyptian citizen.

• Respecting Human Rights in the context of Combating Terrorism

The international community has realized that terrorism is a global, multi-dimensional and cross-border phenomenon after the terrorist wave that the world has witnessed over the past years, and has realized that terrorism has become a danger that threatens society and undermines the gains of development, which requires collective action to confront the terrorist phenomenon in all its forms and manifestations and address its root causes from a comprehensive perspective.

During the third term of the UPR in 2019, Egypt received nine recommendations in the field of combating terrorism. These recommendations included a call for continuing efforts to protect citizens from terrorism, taking the necessary measures to protect people’s lives, and reconsidering the definition of terrorism used in the Anti-Terrorism Law no. 94 of 2015 to prevent its use in restricting rights and freedoms, such as freedom of opinion and expression, and other freedoms, and harmonizing it with international human rights standards, in addition to following up the implementation of national initiatives aimed at establishing mechanisms of redress and compensation for victims of terrorism.

In light of these recommendations and based on the constitutional commitment to combating terrorism, the Egyptian legislator has put in place a package of national legislations that is consistent with Egypt’s regional and international obligations to combat terrorism, and which is also consistent with the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. These legislations aimed to enhance ways to confront the new methods in the field of financing terrorism. Consequently, law no. 14 of 2020 was issued amending some provisions on terrorist entities, no. 8 of 2015, in an effort to make the provisions of this law consistent with international standards. This is in addition to the issuance of Resolution No. (457) of 2020, which aims to establish detailed and explanatory frameworks for the provisions of law no. (80) of 2002 regarding combating money laundering and to amend this law in a way that keeps pace and is compatible with international developments issued by the Financial Action Task Force.

Moreover, law no. (15) of 2020 was also issued amending law no. 94 of 2015. This law was issued with the aim of amending the Anti-Terrorism Law and included the following: Replacing the law with the definition of money or assets to include all virtual and physical assets and their returns, economic resources, and including virtual assets, with the intention of compatibility of the law with the amendments that the evaluation methodology of the Financial Action Task Force has witnessed related to virtual assets and service providers. Also the meaning of terrorist financing contained in Article 3 was replaced to include all funds resulting from any individual or collective terrorist act, organized or unorganized, internally or externally, directly or indirectly, and other amendments that were added to this law for the purpose of harmonization with international standards and enhancing respect for human rights.

On the other hand, Prime Minister’s Decision No. (104) of 2021 was issued, regarding the executive regulation of law no. (149) of 2019, which regulated controls over non-exploit civil work to engage in any terrorist or money laundering activities.

Consequently, the Egyptian government has made a great effort in the field of combating terrorism, whether from a legal, security, awareness or preventive perspective, but there are some laws that restrict rights such as freedom of opinion and expression and freedom of assembly, and therefore it is necessary to reconsider and review the amendments to the anti-terrorism law that allow judicial authorities to classify entities and individuals as terrorists based on police investigations only, without occurring terrorist acts. These amendments resulted in adding the names of politicians to the terrorism circle, seizing their money, and preventing them from traveling before verifying the charges against them. This requires consideration of these amendments so that penalties are imposed on entities and individuals after being investigated and not the other way around, in addition to other articles that are appropriate for the period in which they were issued but are no longer appropriate in light of the decline of terrorist operations and acts.

Despite the great efforts exerted by the Egyptian state in the field of combating terrorism and extremism and the numerous initiatives and resolutions issued by the Security Council, society is still suffering from the spread of this phenomenon, which requires enhancing the effectiveness of the efforts made by adopting a comprehensive approach to confront the phenomenon of terrorism so that it is not limited only to the security confrontation but also includes the economic, social, cultural, educational and developmental dimensions, in addition to focusing on the ideological dimension, which is considered the main motive for committing terrorist acts, while emphasizing that terrorism is not linked to any specific religion, culture or geographical region.

Based on the above mentioned, the Egyptian State must:

• Amend the Anti-Terrorism Law to be consistent with the international standards for combating terrorism and in a way which enhances human rights.
• Work to ensure that the measures it takes to combat terrorism respect the basic rights and freedoms of citizens.
• Ensure international cooperation with the aim of undermining the ability of terrorist organizations to recruit new terrorist elements.
• Cooperate internationally to hold accountable countries that sponsor terrorism, arm and train its members, and allow them to move through their territories.

• Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and other Related Violations

The Egyptian Constitution guarantees the right to bodily integrity in the face of criminal proceedings. The Constitution stipulates, in addition to criminal legislation, that every citizen who is arrested, imprisoned, or whose freedom is restricted in any way must be treated in a way that preserves his dignity, and may not be harmed physically or morally, in addition to Egypt’s international obligations in accordance with its ratification of The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its ratification on the UN Convention against Torture in 1986. But despite all this, torture is still considered a method and individual behavior that security personnel may resort to, especially during the investigation phase. This can be attributed mainly to the presence of some shortcomings in the legal protection of the right to physical integrity, in addition to the lack of experience and capacities among some security personnel to carry out their work in conducting investigations.

Despite what has been witnessed in the legal procedures and measures to combat torture in national legislation represented in the Egyptian Constitution of 2014, which represents a thematic and qualitative leap on many levels, on the top of which is the provision of legal guarantees to enhance respect and protection of human rights, as the constitution obligated the state to respect every human being’s right to dignity, as well as emphasizing the criminalization of torture in all its forms and manifestations, and considered it a crime with no statute of limitations, it also considered citizens to be equal before the law in rights, duties, and public freedoms, it stipulated that discrimination and incitement to hatred are crimes punishable by law, the constitution also required that anyone who is arrested or whose freedom is restricted be treated in a way that preserves their dignity, and they may not be tortured or intimidated in any way, or be detained in places designated for detention that must take into account his humanity, and detention centers must be subject to judicial supervision; however, the Egyptian Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Code has not yet kept pace with the guarantees stipulated in the Egyptian Constitution to protect and respect this right. Penal Code Articles no. 126, 129, 280, and 282, as well as Criminal Procedure Code Articles no. 63, 232, and 210, which have not yet been included in the amendment, still stand in the way of providing real guarantees to protect and respect the right to bodily integrity from torture and other forms of treatment, and the prosecution of the perpetrator of such crimes, in addition to a comprehensive definition of the crime of torture that is consistent with the constitution and the UN Convention against Torture.

• Commitment to implementing article no. 55 of the Egyptian Constitution, which includes the right to human dignity and protection from abuse, intimidation, coercion, torture, and degrading or inhuman treatment, in addition to implementing the provisions of the UN Convention against Torture which Egypt has signed.
• The Egyptian government must continue to prosecute and prevent individual behavior by practicing torture and by a number of law enforcement officers, hold them accountable, bring them to justice, and establish clear mechanisms to combat torture.
• Continuation of allowing non-governmental organizations, whether local or international, to visit places of detention to determine the reality of the conditions.
• The Egyptian state should allow the Special Rapporteur and the UN Working Group on Torture to visit the country in the context of combating torture and human rights violations.
• The Public Prosecution continues to open investigations into reports and complaints submitted to it regarding human rights violations and crimes of torture.
• Urging the Egyptian government to ratify the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture.
• Activating the role of the National Council for Human Rights in solidarity with victims of torture before the Egyptian courts, in activation of what is stated in the Egyptian Constitution in article no. 99.
• Developing a mechanism for submitting complaints and reports and investigating them, similar to the Presidential Pardon Committee, in order to expedite and confidential reporting of torture cases.
• Increasing the punishment for those who commit torture crimes to match the extent of the crime committed.
• Immediately investigate all incidents of torture that have actually occurred and bring those responsible to criminal trial, while ensuring financial compensation for the victims.
• Continue subjecting security personnel and doctors charged with caring for prisoners to continuous training and awareness sessions on human rights and basic freedoms and ensuring their respect.
• Amending the text of article 126 of the Penal Code to comply with the text of article 1 of the UN Convention against Torture.

Death Penalty

Egypt still uses the death penalty in its judicial system, and the Grand Mufti of Egypt is responsible in accordance with Egyptian law to review all death sentences in Egypt from a legal perspective, his opinion is advisory and not binding on the court that issued the death sentence.

Egyptian jurists also unanimously support maintaining the death penalty, but this support is not absolute. Rather, it is limited to limiting the scope of its application to grave or dangerous crimes, and surrounding the punishment with a fence of procedural controls that guarantee the validity and integrity of the ruling. Opponents of the death penalty have given several reasons for rejecting the death penalty, including: it is an illegitimate punishment because the state did not grant the individual the right to life and therefore does not have the right to deprive him/her of it. Rather, it is obligated to provide him with protection, and it does not achieve the primary goal of imposing punishment, which is to reform the convict to reintegrate him/her into society. One of the most important and powerful reasons for rejecting the death penalty is that it is impossible to correct the effects of this punishment if it is proven after its implementation that the convict is innocent. However, looking at the legal articles that stipulate the death penalty for violators, which reached to 130 articles, it is found that the legislator has elaborated the adoption of this punishment for many crimes (drug crimes, military crimes, crimes of assaulting the security of the state from inside or outside, crimes of assaulting Individuals “known for premeditated murder, crimes related to weapons and ammunition”).

The Egyptian legislator has created some guarantees that would make the death sentence more certain, according to the following:

• The death penalty must be issued by unanimous opinion of the court: in appreciation of the seriousness of the penalty, and out of concern for surrounding it with a procedural guarantee that ensures that its pronouncement is limited to cases in which it is due to close to certainty.
• It is obligatory to take the opinion of the Mufti of the Republic: as a guiding, without obligation, with the aim of the judge being aware of whether the provisions of Sharia law permit the death penalty or not. However, the Code of Military Justice does not include any text requiring the military court to take the opinion of the Mufti.
• The case must be presented to the Court of Cassation with the aim of verifying the correct application of the law, and identifying the defects of the ruling. This guarantee was the subject of great criticism because the Court of Cassation did not have the authority to consider the merits of the case, but only to look at the correct application of the law, which means that crimes lack another level of litigation, which is appeal, the matter which is recognized by the constitution of 2014, where Article 96 stipulates “the accused is innocent until proven guilty in a fair legal trial, in which he is guaranteed guarantees for his defense. The law regulates the appeal of judgments issued in felonies. The state provides protection for victims, witnesses, defendants, and informants when necessary, in accordance with Accordingly, Law No. 1 of 2024 was issued regarding the formation of criminal courts of appeal 10 years after the issuance of the constitution.

Recommendation: The state must accelerate the activation of law no. 1 of 2024 and organize the courts of appeal in felonies to enable the level of litigation in felonies, as well as the judicial apparatus in Egypt promised that it will be keen to apply it with the beginning of the new judicial year in October 2024.

4- Freedom of Opinion and Expression 

In 2021, Egypt ranked 166 out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index, which is issued annually by the international non-governmental organization “Reporters Without Borders”. There are also 22 jailed journalists in Egypt now, while Egypt ranks higher in 2024 at 170^th place in the WPFI, as some believe that the anti-terrorism law restricts the work of journalists from publishing any information other than official information about terrorist attacks. Violators face legal action and are subject to severe prison sentences.

In 2018, the government enacted two other legislations that significantly restrict freedom of the press and freedom of expression. The Law on Combating Information Technology Crimes (known in the media as the Law on Combating Cybercrimes) requires telecommunications companies to store the user’s information system record for a period of 180 days, while the Press and Media Regulation Law looks into the issue of licensing entities, institutions, and press outlets and paved the way for the establishment of the Supreme Council for Media Regulation, a body that is fully controlled by the executive authority. The regime is allowed to manipulate Egypt’s media scene according to its will, and many journalists, media figures, and also social media journalists have been subjected to many security harassments that have reached to arrest and charges of spreading false news, misusing social media websites and joining a terrorist group.

Recommendation: it is necessary for the state to review the above-mentioned legislations, which constituted a restriction on freedom of opinion and expression, as well as reviewing the situation of journalists in provisional detention on charges related to these legislations.

6- Women’s Rights

Empowering women is the cornerstone of achieving sustainable development, and ensuring that all women and men enjoy equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities is the essence of human rights. In addition, achieving gender equality requires many structural and cultural changes at all levels. Therefore, the issue of gender equality and women’s empowerment is one of the most important issues on the development agenda.

The interest in the file of Egyptian women had the majority of the recommendations addressed to Egypt, despite the remarkable development in the file of political and economic empowerment of women in Egypt during the recent period. This was reflected in the wording of those recommendations, most of which recommended continuing political and economic empowerment. The negative recommendations came regarding women’s issues related to physical violence, assault and sexual harassment.

Firstly, the Legal and Legislative Part:

The constitution of 2014 and its amendments in 2019 paid great attention to the issue of women’s empowerment and gender equality. It also emphasized the Egyptian state’s commitment to the international conventions adopted by the state, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the African Charter on Human Rights. With regard to laws supporting that issue, many laws have been issued that support women’s rights, including:

Increasing the penalty for harassment: Law no. 141 of 2021 was issued amending some provisions of the Penal Code issued by Law no. 58 of 1937. The amendments to the new harassment law stipulated penalties for sexual harassment with imprisonment for a period of not less than two years and not exceeding four years, and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand pounds. It shall not exceed two hundred thousand pounds, or one of these two penalties, whoever assaults others in a public, private, or frequented place by making sexual or pornographic matters, suggestions, or insinuations, whether by gesture, word, or deed, by any means, including means of wired, wireless, or electronic communications, or by any other technical means.

Consequently, in accordance with that law, the concept of harassment was defined for the first time, and a specific definition was set for the criminalized means of sexual harassment, which were not limited only to words or deeds, but also included pointing and harassment by any technical means, expanding the scope of criminalization to the family, school, and work environment. However, despite this, the reality is still witnessing many cases of sexual harassment against women in Egypt, which requires developing a more effective mechanism to eliminate harassment[1].

Preserving the confidentiality of the data of victims of harassment crimes: President Abdel Fattah El Sisi ratified law no. 177 of 2020 amending the Code of Criminal Procedure. These amendments relate to preserving the confidentiality of the data of victims in cases of indecent assault, corruption of morals, exposure to others, and harassment, in order to prevent the victim from hesitating to report these crimes.

The article no. 113 (bis) has been added to the Code of Criminal Procedure, which states that the investigating judge may, for a circumstance at his discretion, not prove the victim’s information in any of the crimes stipulated in chapter four of the Penal Code or in Articles 306 bis (a) and 306 bis (b) of the same law or in Article 96 of law no. 12 of 1996 issuing the Children’s Law.

Increasing the penalty for female genital mutilation (FGM): On March 28^th 2021, the Egyptian House of Representatives approved, by a two-thirds majority of its members, a draft law that increases the penalty for FGM to reach aggravated imprisonment for a period of not less than 10 years, in addition to increasing the penalty for those who perform FGM, also the guardian who attempts to perform FGM to his daughter shall be punished, as the law stipulates that “anyone who requests FGM and she is circumcised based on his request shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of not less than 5 years. If that act results in a permanent disability, the penalty shall be aggravated imprisonment for a period of not less than 7 years. However, if the act results in death, the penalty shall be aggravated imprisonment for a period of not less than 10 years”.

According to the UNICEF report of 2017, the spread of FGM in Egypt in 2000 was 97%, and it decreased in 2015 to 92%, then to 87% in 2016, but the spread of this practice rose again to 91% in 2017.

Law no. 144/2020: The new House of Representatives law established that the House of Representatives shall be elected at 284 seats under the individual system, and 284 under the absolute closed list system, with parties and independents entitled to run in each of them, and the law allocates at least 25% of the seats to women out of the total number of seats. Consequently, the House of Representatives elections of 2021 witnessed an increase in the percentage of women obtaining seats, and the number of women in the House of Representatives reached 162 women, i.e. 28% compared to the previous House of Representatives, in which the percentage of women’s representation reached 25%.

Law no. 6 of 2020: It amended some provisions of the Penal Code issued by law no. 58 of 1937 to confront those who evade paying alimony or those who are stubborn in paying expenses debts, and the legal text came as follows: “Everyone against whom an enforceable judicial ruling has been issued to pay alimony to his spouse, relatives, or in-laws, or a nursery, breastfeeding, or housing fee, and he refrains from paying it even though he is able to pay it for a period of three months after warning him to pay, he will be punished with imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year and a fine not exceeding five thousand pounds, or one of these two penalties.

Discussions in 2022 regarding amending the Civil Service Law of 2016: There is an amendment to the Civil Service Law for female workers regarding determining maternity leave to be 4 months instead of 3 months, according to the new work draft that will be discussed by the House of Representatives, in addition to some of the gains that women will obtain in the labor law[2].

Draft Law of Unified Insurance 2022: It is an insurance policy that a woman will obtain in the event of a divorce, with the aim of helping the woman overcome the difficult circumstances resulting from the divorce until she receives her entitlements of alimony and others. This is indeed an important step, which we hope will be ratified and become a binding law as a mechanism to help women overcome the difficult circumstances they are going through after divorce, especially with the delay in obtaining alimony. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the alimony law in Egypt requires reconsideration, so that it gives a woman who waives her alimony the right to request it again if she wants.

Resolution no. 43 and Resolution no. 44 of 2021: The Minister of Manpower issued two decisions to lift restrictions imposed on women’s ability to work at night and restrictions imposed on working in certain jobs, while ensuring protection and safety for women[3].

Decision of the Minister of Education in 2020: The Minister of Education issued a decision to exempt female breadwinners from school fees.

Resolutions no. 204 and no. 205 of 2020: The Financial Supervision Authority issued two resolutions prohibiting any discrimination and establishing gender equality in dealings with clients of financial companies, in addition to developing the practice of non-banking financial activities in the field of transactions and providing services to women[4].

Law no. 151 of 2020: Law no. 151 was issued with the aim of protecting the victim’s personal data and enhancing the protection of personal data that is stored virtually.

Cabinet Resolution no. 837 of 2021: To establish the combined unit to protect women from violence. The unit aims to gather the services of agencies and ministries concerned with dealing with issues of violence against women and coordinate them in one place to facilitate victim women’s access to those services.

Minister of Transport Resolution no. 237 of 2021: To issue a code of conduct for users, operators, and workers in transportation facilities and means, to combat harassment, violence, and inconvenience that may occur to passengers, especially women.

All of these amendments and laws represent progress in themselves in enhancing the status of women and empowering them economically, socially and politically, but the extent of activation and implementation of these laws remains the basis for benefiting from these laws, especially in light of the challenges that society is witnessing in terms of customs, traditions and social legacies. These laws remain useless as long as there is consensus on these customs, which, in addition to issuing laws and legislation, requires raising societal awareness in regard to women’s rights and the importance of their participation in all aspects of life.

Economic empowerment of women: through developing women’s capacities to expand their work options, and achieving equal opportunities in employing women in all sectors, including the private sector, entrepreneurship, and holding key positions in public bodies and companies.

Social empowerment of women: by creating opportunities for greater social participation for women and eliminating discriminatory practices against them. Despite all the efforts made by the state to enhance the status of women, these efforts must continue and rely more heavily on the cultural change of society, which requires the need for coordination among all concerned parties, with the aim of raising awareness regarding the importance of women’s participation and empowerment, which will benefit various groups.

Recommendations:

• The necessity of working to increase community awareness, to eliminate the obstacles that not only prevent women’s empowerment and participation, but also confront the state and hinder it from implementing its reform policies, by adopting participatory mechanisms with civil society organizations, the private sector and the media.
• Completing efforts related to women’s participation in political life and their occupying leadership positions in the public and private sectors, as a means of enhancing economic and social empowerment.
• Continuing legal amendments to enable and achieve gender equality, in accordance with the constitution, which explicitly recognizes women’s political, social and economic rights and in accordance with international treaties and conventions.
• The need to raise awareness in regard to the danger of harassment to society, especially in schools, with the aim of raising a new generation that respects women and their personal choices just like men, and appreciates the value and importance of women in society as a partner to men in everything.
• The state cooperates with religious men, with the aim of raising awareness of society regarding women’s rights and trying to change negative ideas towards women.
• Develop effective mechanisms to eliminate violence against women, especially marital violence.
• The National Council for Women must follow up on the projects it undertakes in partnership with civil society organizations, to ensure that the implementation of these projects achieves the desired results and goals.

7- Child’s Rights

The issue of child protection is an important issue, because it has multiple impacts on the progress of society. Children are the future of the nation, so the issue of child protection has occupied the minds of many scholars. Child protection is the backbone of human development, and early childhood development is the key to sustainable development. Today, the world needs to establish and strengthen the child protection system, because protecting them is both a human rights and development issue that cannot be overlooked or neglected[5].

Recommendations:

• The need to activate the role of the media in raising the awareness of society about the seriousness of the phenomenon of child labor.
• Developing teaching methods to suit children’s different levels of understanding, which helps encouraging the child to learn.
• Establishing mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation based on transparency, to provide special reports on the situation of childhood in Egypt and children at risk. On the other hand, there are groups that support children’s issues and receive these reports to exercise their oversight role.
• Supporting parents and families and educating them about the importance of children’s effective participation within the family.
• Providing prompt legal procedures and assistance to a child who is deprived of his/her
• Increasing support for poor families in exchange for their children continuing education, as a mechanism to combat child poverty.
• Establishing mechanisms to try to eliminate dropouts from education, the most important of which are: training teachers to improve their efficiency in dealing with students in an educational manner, criminalizing violence in schools and activating current laws that prohibit beating in schools.
• Activating the “Child Helpline” mechanism, as it was found that this mechanism was inactive. Many cases called for help to the Child Helpline in many cases of violence that required rapid intervention, but their attempts failed and they did not receive the required assistance and protection.

[1] 7 years of achievements: Human Development, Women’s Empowerment Sector, Cabinet Information and Decision Support Centre, 2022, pp. 19 et seq.: https://idsc.gov.eg.

[2] Efforts of the Arab Republic of Egypt to empower women, National Council for Women, 2021, pp. 12 et seq.: https://ncw.gov.eg.

[3] The same reference.

[4] The same reference.

[5] Zeinab Ali Mohamed Ali, Egyptian Child Protection Document, A Proposed Vision in Light of a Sample of Experts, Scientific Journal, No. 14, 2020, p. 5.